农(nong)业信用(yong)担保(bao)的(de)国(guo)际经验及启示(shi)
2018-02-09 11:08:49 来源：本(ben)站原(yuan)创
秦红松
农(nong)业(ye)信用担保与农(nong)村(cun)金融及经济发展的(de)关系
农(nong)(nong)业信(xin)(xin)(xin)用(yong)(yong)担(dan)保(bao)是在农(nong)(nong)业信(xin)(xin)(xin)贷(dai)领域，为规避因农(nong)(nong)户等(deng)债务人(ren)(ren)与银行(xing)等(deng)债权(quan)(quan)人(ren)(ren)之间信(xin)(xin)(xin)息不(bu)对(dui)称造成的(de)(de)风险，确保(bao)债权(quan)(quan)人(ren)(ren)顺利实(shi)现债权(quan)(quan)，以债务人(ren)(ren)或第三方(fang)的(de)(de)信(xin)(xin)(xin)用(yong)(yong)及财产作为保(bao)证，督(du)促(cu)债务人(ren)(ren)履行(xing)债务的(de)(de)经济行(xing)为。农(nong)(nong)业信(xin)(xin)(xin)用(yong)(yong)担(dan)保(bao)实(shi)质是一(yi)种(zhong)信(xin)(xin)(xin)用(yong)(yong)手(shou)段(duan)，既是融资的(de)(de)媒介，又是债权(quan)(quan)的(de)(de)保(bao)障，它在一(yi)定程度上迫使农(nong)(nong)户等(deng)借(jie)款(kuan)人(ren)(ren)传递真实(shi)信(xin)(xin)(xin)息，降低(di)了信(xin)(xin)(xin)息成本，银行(xing)也由此来判断(duan)农(nong)(nong)户等(deng)借(jie)款(kuan)人(ren)(ren)风险的(de)(de)高(gao)低(di)，因而可降低(di)信(xin)(xin)(xin)息不(bu)对(dui)称条(tiao)件下(xia)逆向(xiang)选择和道德风险发生的(de)(de)概率，增强(qiang)了信(xin)(xin)(xin)贷(dai)资金(jin)的(de)(de)安全(quan)。
从制度经济学的(de)角(jiao)度看，在完全竞争(zheng)的(de)信(xin)(xin)贷市(shi)场中(zhong)，农(nong)业信(xin)(xin)用(yong)担(dan)保(bao)机制增(zeng)大了农(nong)户等借(jie)款(kuan)(kuan)人不(bu)偿(chang)还贷款(kuan)(kuan)的(de)机会(hui)成本，促进了农(nong)户等借(jie)款(kuan)(kuan)人的(de)理性投资；同时(shi)，农(nong)业信(xin)(xin)用(yong)担(dan)保(bao)增(zeng)加了银行的(de)信(xin)(xin)贷合(he)作(zuo)激励，当信(xin)(xin)用(yong)担(dan)保(bao)处(chu)置价值大于贷款(kuan)(kuan)本息之和时(shi)，银行在借(jie)款(kuan)(kuan)人违约后仍能得到足够补偿(chang)，其利润预期就会(hui)提高。
国外农业信(xin)用担保的运行(xing)概况
美(mei)(mei)国的(de)农(nong)村金融是以(yi)商(shang)业(ye)金融机(ji)(ji)构(gou)(gou)和(he)个人信贷(dai)(dai)为基础，以(yi)农(nong)业(ye)合作(zuo)信贷(dai)(dai)机(ji)(ji)构(gou)(gou)为主(zhu)导，以(yi)政府农(nong)贷(dai)(dai)机(ji)(ji)构(gou)(gou)为辅助的(de)复合型供给体系。在这(zhei)一体系中，农(nong)业(ye)信用(yong)担(dan)保(bao)方式(shi)主(zhu)要(yao)(yao)包(bao)括：固(gu)定(ding)资产(chan)抵押，固(gu)定(ding)资产(chan)主(zhu)要(yao)(yao)包(bao)括土(tu)地和(he)住房，其中又以(yi)土(tu)地为主(zhu)；流动(dong)资产(chan)抵押，主(zhu)要(yao)(yao)包(bao)括大件(jian)消费品、设备和(he)农(nong)产(chan)品；权利质押，主(zhu)要(yao)(yao)包(bao)括专利、版权、动(dong)产(chan)票(piao)据、产(chan)权凭证(zheng)、应收账款、股(gu)权等(deng)；担(dan)保(bao)机(ji)(ji)构(gou)(gou)贷(dai)(dai)款，美(mei)(mei)国的(de)农(nong)业(ye)信用(yong)担(dan)保(bao)机(ji)(ji)构(gou)(gou)属于政策性担(dan)保(bao)机(ji)(ji)构(gou)(gou)，主(zhu)要(yao)(yao)包(bao)括农(nong)民家计(ji)局(ju)、农(nong)村电气化管理局(ju)和(he)小(xiao)企(qi)业(ye)管理局(ju)。除此(ci)之外，美(mei)(mei)国还拥(yong)有健(jian)全的(de)农(nong)业(ye)保(bao)险(xian)体系、农(nong)业(ye)信用(yong)担(dan)保(bao)法律体系和(he)个人信征体系。
法(fa)国(guo)的(de)(de)农(nong)村(cun)金融组织体系主(zhu)要(yao)由农(nong)业(ye)(ye)信(xin)贷(dai)银(yin)(yin)行(xing)、互(hu)助信(xin)贷(dai)联合(he)银(yin)(yin)行(xing)、大(da)众(zhong)银(yin)(yin)行(xing)和土地信(xin)贷(dai)银(yin)(yin)行(xing)四家银(yin)(yin)行(xing)组成，其(qi)中，农(nong)业(ye)(ye)信(xin)贷(dai)银(yin)(yin)行(xing)在整(zheng)个农(nong)村(cun)金融市场(chang)上居于主(zhu)导地位。在这一金融体系下的(de)(de)担保(bao)(bao)(bao)方式(shi)主(zhu)要(yao)包括：合(he)作金融下的(de)(de)信(xin)用担保(bao)(bao)(bao)，这是法(fa)国(guo)农(nong)民获得贷(dai)款的(de)(de)最主(zhu)要(yao)方式(shi)之(zhi)一；个人资产(chan)担保(bao)(bao)(bao)，主(zhu)要(yao)包括土地、房屋、大(da)型机器设(she)备(bei)等；政策性金融担保(bao)(bao)(bao)机构担保(bao)(bao)(bao)，与(yu)之(zhi)相(xiang)配(pei)套的(de)(de)有良好(hao)的(de)(de)农(nong)业(ye)(ye)保(bao)(bao)(bao)险(xian)市场(chang)、完善的(de)(de)法(fa)律体系和大(da)量(liang)的(de)(de)农(nong)业(ye)(ye)合(he)作社。
日本(ben)的农村金(jin)融(rong)供给(ji)主(zhu)体以合作金(jin)融(rong)和政(zheng)策性金(jin)融(rong)为主(zhu)，农户贷(dai)款的主(zhu)要担保(bao)(bao)方式包(bao)括：政(zheng)府主(zhu)导下(xia)的信用保(bao)(bao)证保(bao)(bao)险担保(bao)(bao)；不动(dong)(dong)(dong)产抵押，主(zhu)要包(bao)括土(tu)地(di)抵押和林地(di)抵押；动(dong)(dong)(dong)产债权(quan)担保(bao)(bao)，主(zhu)要包(bao)括牛、猪、蔬菜(cai)等动(dong)(dong)(dong)产以及应收(shou)账(zhang)款；自然人担保(bao)(bao)。除此之外(wai)，日本(ben)也拥有健全(quan)的农业保(bao)(bao)险体系以及动(dong)(dong)(dong)产评(ping)估和信用评(ping)级体系。
孟(meng)加拉农(nong)村金融供给体(ti)系(xi)的(de)核心是(shi)格(ge)莱珉银行(xing)，农(nong)业信(xin)用担(dan)保方(fang)面(mian)虽然担(dan)保品覆盖范围较广，但(dan)整个担(dan)保体(ti)系(xi)是(shi)以(yi)农(nong)户联(lian)保为(wei)核心，以(yi)土地等不动产(chan)担(dan)保和动产(chan)担(dan)保为(wei)补(bu)充，尤其是(shi)农(nong)户联(lian)保贷款是(shi)全世界小额信(xin)贷竞相学习的(de)对(dui)象(xiang)。
国(guo)际(ji)农业(ye)信用担保发展的(de)基本经(jing)验
担(dan)保(bao)多(duo)元化(hua)应是未(wei)来农(nong)(nong)业信用(yong)(yong)担(dan)保(bao)发展的(de)(de)(de)主流格局。伴(ban)随着(zhe)农(nong)(nong)村(cun)居民(min)资金需(xu)求的(de)(de)(de)多(duo)样(yang)化(hua)和(he)农(nong)(nong)户发展水平的(de)(de)(de)差异化(hua)，单一的(de)(de)(de)担(dan)保(bao)方式将(jiang)难以(yi)满(man)足农(nong)(nong)村(cun)金融(rong)市场(chang)的(de)(de)(de)需(xu)求。多(duo)元化(hua)的(de)(de)(de)农(nong)(nong)业信用(yong)(yong)担(dan)保(bao)机(ji)制(zhi)一方面(mian)可以(yi)满(man)足资金需(xu)求的(de)(de)(de)多(duo)样(yang)化(hua)，另一方面(mian)可以(yi)扩大获得贷款农(nong)(nong)户的(de)(de)(de)覆(fu)盖面(mian)，上述国家(jia)的(de)(de)(de)农(nong)(nong)民(min)之所(suo)以(yi)能顺利获得融(rong)资，与其(qi)不无关系。
非(fei)有形(xing)(xing)资(zi)(zi)产(chan)(chan)担(dan)保(bao)(bao)应是(shi)农业信用担(dan)保(bao)(bao)发(fa)(fa)展的方(fang)向。非(fei)有形(xing)(xing)资(zi)(zi)产(chan)(chan)担(dan)保(bao)(bao)也即(ji)除固定资(zi)(zi)产(chan)(chan)担(dan)保(bao)(bao)和(he)流动资(zi)(zi)产(chan)(chan)担(dan)保(bao)(bao)以(yi)外的担(dan)保(bao)(bao)方(fang)式。农户有形(xing)(xing)可抵质押资(zi)(zi)产(chan)(chan)不(bu)足在(zai)各(ge)(ge)个国家都是(shi)普(pu)遍存(cun)在(zai)的，同时也是(shi)各(ge)(ge)国农村金融发(fa)(fa)展共(gong)同面临的难题，因此，发(fa)(fa)展非(fei)有形(xing)(xing)资(zi)(zi)产(chan)(chan)担(dan)保(bao)(bao)应成为(wei)当(dang)前农业信用担(dan)保(bao)(bao)发(fa)(fa)展的方(fang)向。
合理规避风险(xian)(xian)是农(nong)业(ye)信(xin)用(yong)担(dan)保(bao)(bao)发(fa)(fa)展成功的(de)(de)关(guan)键(jian)。国际上规避农(nong)业(ye)信(xin)用(yong)担(dan)保(bao)(bao)风险(xian)(xian)的(de)(de)一些行之有效的(de)(de)措施包(bao)括(kuo)：大力(li)发(fa)(fa)展农(nong)业(ye)保(bao)(bao)险(xian)(xian)；成立农(nong)业(ye)信(xin)用(yong)保(bao)(bao)证(zheng)基金，以(yi)帮助(zhu)不能偿(chang)还贷款的(de)(de)借(jie)款者偿(chang)还资(zi)金；健全融资(zi)保(bao)(bao)险(xian)(xian)和(he)针对担(dan)保(bao)(bao)机(ji)构(gou)(gou)的(de)(de)再保(bao)(bao)险(xian)(xian)机(ji)制(zhi)，以(yi)减轻融资(zi)机(ji)构(gou)(gou)和(he)担(dan)保(bao)(bao)机(ji)构(gou)(gou)的(de)(de)负担(dan)；强(qiang)化(hua)针对借(jie)款人(ren)的(de)(de)信(xin)息收集监控和(he)督促贷款偿(chang)还的(de)(de)工(gong)作(zuo)机(ji)制(zhi)。
政(zheng)(zheng)府(fu)大力支(zhi)持(chi)(chi)是农(nong)业信(xin)用担保(bao)(bao)发展的(de)(de)坚强后盾。政(zheng)(zheng)府(fu)对(dui)农(nong)业信(xin)用担保(bao)(bao)的(de)(de)支(zhi)持(chi)(chi)方(fang)式主要(yao)包括：对(dui)各类农(nong)村金融(rong)组织给(ji)予税收(shou)、财政(zheng)(zheng)补贴、存款准备金率等方(fang)面的(de)(de)优惠(hui)和(he)支(zhi)持(chi)(chi)；引导成立农(nong)业信(xin)用保(bao)(bao)证基金；不断(duan)健全各项政(zheng)(zheng)策(ce)体系和(he)法(fa)律法(fa)规体系；对(dui)各类农(nong)业保(bao)(bao)险(xian)的(de)(de)发展给(ji)予政(zheng)(zheng)策(ce)支(zhi)持(chi)(chi)；直接出资成立政(zheng)(zheng)策(ce)性金融(rong)机构。
对我国的启示(shi)
一是(shi)鼓励(li)各类金(jin)融(rong)机构入(ru)驻农(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)村，实现(xian)(xian)农(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)业信贷多渠道供给(ji)。二是(shi)加大(da)担(dan)保(bao)方式创新(xin)力度，实现(xian)(xian)农(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)户(hu)担(dan)保(bao)方式多元化，积极(ji)探索经(jing)营权(quan)、资(zi)产(chan)凭证、应收账款、股权(quan)、知识产(chan)权(quan)、大(da)宗(zong)设施设备、农(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)产(chan)品等抵质押融(rong)资(zi)方式，金(jin)融(rong)机构应加大(da)农(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)村金(jin)融(rong)产(chan)品创新(xin)。三是(shi)加快(kuai)农(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)村产(chan)权(quan)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)度及配套体系(xi)改革(ge)，提升农(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)户(hu)自我担(dan)保(bao)能力。四是(shi)积极(ji)发展(zhan)(zhan)第三方农(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)业信用(yong)担(dan)保(bao)组(zu)织(zhi)，实现(xian)(xian)农(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)业信用(yong)担(dan)保(bao)主体多元化。五是(shi)加快(kuai)保(bao)险业发展(zhan)(zhan)，实现(xian)(xian)农(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)业信用(yong)担(dan)保(bao)风(feng)险的(de)多途(tu)径(jing)化解。六是(shi)健全法(fa)律(lv)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)度体系(xi)，实现(xian)(xian)农(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)业信用(yong)担(dan)保(bao)的(de)深入(ru)发展(zhan)(zhan)，对(dui)我国《物权(quan)法(fa)》《担(dan)保(bao)法(fa)》《农(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)村土地承包(bao)法(fa)》等法(fa)律(lv)法(fa)规(gui)中(zhong)一些农(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)民财产(chan)权(quan)利(li)和抵押限制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)条款进行适时修正(zheng)，以逐(zhu)步减(jian)少对(dui)农(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)业信用(yong)担(dan)保(bao)形成(cheng)的(de)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)度障碍，并尽快(kuai)出台诸如《农(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)业保(bao)险法(fa)》《农(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)业信用(yong)担(dan)保(bao)法(fa)》《民间金(jin)融(rong)法(fa)》《农(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)村信贷征信和违约惩(cheng)罚条例》《农(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)村金(jin)融(rong)组(zu)织(zhi)法(fa)》等法(fa)律(lv)法(fa)规(gui)。
（作者(zhe)单位：西(xi)南大(da)学经济(ji)管理学院）
来(lai)源：《光明日(ri)报》2013年8月2日(ri)11版
